It may become possible to train a robot by simply showing it a task and correcting it when it makes mistakes. This would be far quicker than having to program the actions in the traditional way.
Here’s a robot doing the kinds of things well-programmed robots can do. You might think nothing of it, we’ve all seen videos of robots dancing, jumping and performing difficult tasks and manipulations. But this bike-balancer is a bit different. It has an AI system with a feedback mechanism that learns how to balance better and better with practice. This is how all animals with nervous systems learn new behaviours and improve their performance at practical tasks and skills. It’s still nowhere near Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) but it might be a small step along the way.
With this achievement under their belts, the developers will undoubtedly try the same method to develop robots that can handle tasks like juggling, sorting items, removing incorrect objects from a moving belt, or bolting two items together using a spanner. It may become possible to train a robot by simply showing it a task and correcting it when it makes mistakes. This would be far quicker than having to program the actions in the traditional way. It would probably be impossible to know how the robot makes decisions on the best movements to get a particular job done, but that’s true with training people to do jobs too. Very often, the how is not important providing the result is reliable and effective.
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What’s in an image? Sometimes quite a lot, more than meets the eye. I’m posting an image every few days.
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Here’s something you may never have seen, unless you’re a farmer or a vet – a calf suckling from its mother. When we lived in St Neots, there was a footpath running past our back gate in Eaton Ford and running very straight to the churchyard of St Mary’s in Eaton Socon. The path led past a large field, Bedfordia Meadows, and sometimes cows were kept in this field.
On one particular day in 2012 I was using the footpath and this cow and her calf were close up against the fence. I was able to take the photo without even stepping off the path. I’ve been working my way through my photos from July 2012 recently, looking for images for articles like this one. And it seemed to me that many of you might like to see this moment from a summer’s day 13 years ago.
For the cow and the calf this is a matter of life and death. Without the mother’s milk a new-born calf would not survive long. Milk contains the water and all the nutrients needed for the calf to grow and become capable of drinking water and eating grass for itself. In the wild, like all mammals, the cow would stop producing milk once the calf stopped needing it. But domesticated cattle have been bred to produce milk for much longer and a cow would quickly be in pain and in danger of serious infection if not regularly milked twice a day.
Mammals provide milk, birds lay eggs
Both dinosaurs and mammals developed from early reptiles. At the time of the Cretaceous extinctions caused by the impact of the famous asteroid, when all the large dinosaurs died out, there had long been early mammals and some of the smaller kinds survived. One branch of the dinosaurs survived as well and we are all familiar with them, they are called birds! A number of small reptiles and amphibia survived too so today we have toads and frogs as well as crocodiles, alligators, lizards and the snakes. But most air-breathing vertebrates in the world today are either mammals providing milk to their young, or the egg-laying birds.
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We can be sure there’s trouble ahead and we can imagine some of the long term issues. The authors of this article are putting out a broad warning and setting out the probable longer term dangers.
Recommended – 2
In this series I recommend articles or other work I’ve seen that I really like and want to share with my readers.
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A quick summary follows, but I encourage you to read the original with its much deeper analysis.
It’s very difficult to analyse the long-term effects of actions that began only three months ago, and may continue for some time; we can only guess how long this process will last and what new forms it might take in future months or years. It’s as if the captain of a large vessel had ordered a hard turn to starboard and the crew was scrambling to put the order into effect. With the ship’s rudder now clearly turning and signs of a change in course, what can possibly be concluded?
The ship will start to lean a little, some loose objects will slide around, these immediate effects are predictable. But what about the longer term? Will there be a catastrophic collision with another ship? Will we run aground? It’s clear there are dangers but it’s too soon to make detailed predictions.
That’s the situation US science finds itself in today. We can be sure there’s trouble ahead and we can imagine some of the long term issues. The authors of this article are putting out a broad warning and setting out the probable longer term dangers.
Damage caused by the Trump administration, science-policy experts warn, could set the United States back for decades. “So many of the damaging impacts are going to be extremely difficult to reverse and are going to take a very long time to recover from,” says John Holdren, a science adviser to former US president Barack Obama.
The authors begin by summarising what’s been done in the first three months and pointing out that it’s just a start; cuts of up to half seem likely. Reader surveys by Nature show well over 90% are troubled by the cuts.
About half the US science budget goes on defence-related programs and more than a quarter on health. The cuts are being presented as necessary to combat waste, corruption and propaganda, but no evidence has been offered to back up these claims. An assumption is being made that private sector research will shoulder the burden, though that is most unlikely for fundamental studies.
Another aspect of budget cuts is the resulting loss of skilled and knowledgeable staff, an immediate loss that will take a long time to rebuild. Indeed, the damage done in a few months will take decades to recover. It seems likely that Congress will be unable (or unwilling) to resist the probable budget cuts for 2026 and the situation is not likely to be alleviated by the various political demands being made of universities by the Trump administration. The USA seems already to be suffering loss of reputation and is less appealing for foreign scientists, not only are fewer international staff and students planning to work in the USA, but American scientists are starting to look abroad for work.
There are worries that other nations will advance beyond what the US can do in years ahead, and putting broken US science together again will be very difficult and expensive to achieve.
The article also contains helpful links for additional reading on the topics discussed.
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Once it was realised that a letter could be coded as any other letter except itself, even this tiny clue could help point the cryptographers in the right direction.
What’s in an image? Sometimes quite a lot, more than meets the eye. I’m posting an image every few days.
Click to enlarge
Why is this old computer enigmatic? Some of you will know, some might guess correctly, others may have no idea. I took the photo in July 2012 at the Museum of Computing at Bletchley Park where highly secret work was done during the Second World War to break the German Enigma code as well as other enemy codes and ciphers.
This is a working replica of the famous Colossus computers used to crack those very difficult codes. And computer power alone couldn’t do it, it required clever minds to look for little hints that could make the ‘unbreakable’ code breakable. As an example, once it was realised that a letter could be coded as any letter other than itself, even this tiny clue could help point the cryptographers in the right direction. And there were always cribs that could help, the knowlege that a particular operator always began with the same phrase was an enormous help.
No original Colossus machines exist, after the war ended, Churchill gave strict orders that they should all be dismantled and the parts broken into small pieces.
The idea behind Colossus was the brainwave of Alan Turing, a mathematical genius who worked at Bletchly Park during the war. The Bombe that preceded it was originally designed and built by Polish engineers. Turing and his team designed and built a British version, physically different but doing the same job.
CSO (then based at Bletchly, now at GCHQ) intercepted the coded messages, while teams produced the German plain text, translated it into English and passed it to the British government and military planners.
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What’s in an image? Sometimes quite a lot, more than meets the eye. I’m posting an image every few days.
Click to enlarge
Today’s photo is slightly giddying. This is Paradise Square in Sheffield; I took it in July 2012 when we were visiting family there. Here’s an amusing thought, but perfectly true – more car parking spaces are available in Paradise Square than had it been on level ground! But that doesn’t mean it’s a car parking paradise. Make sure your handbrake is firmly on and if your car has a manual gearbox, perhaps leave it in gear for added safety. Be careful when opening the door, too. I wonder if car insurance is more expensive if your address is on Paradise Square?
And consider the poor removals staff when it comes to picking up or delivering a whole houseful of furniture. Those hydraulic lifts at the back of the vehicle, usually so helpful, would be almost worse than useless! Would it be best to park across the slope? Or would facing uphill or downhill be better?
This must be one of the steepest car parks in the world. If you’re aware of one with an even steeper slope than Paradise Square, leave a comment. Thanks! (I found one, linked below, but I bet there are more.)
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We are to learn about love, fruitfulness, brokenness, restoration, and our place in this Universe, responsibility, culpability, truth, life and wisdom. We are to understand these things in our own lives, in one another, and also in and through Yahweh.
I recently listened to a podcast byTwo pastors in a pub (episode 55). I enjoyed the episode which was about the questions asked and statements sometimes made, to the effect that the presence of dinosaur remains in the fossil record demonstrates the Bible to be incorrect. All sorts of these points are examined and discussed during the podcast. But I think there’s a much more fundamental argument to be made – and it has nothing to do with dinosaurs.
The underlying questions, I believe, are:
‘What is the Bible for?’ That is, ‘What is it’s purpose?’
‘Why was it written?’
‘How was it written?’ and
‘How should I read it?’
What’s in a name?
The background to my answers to those questions is to say that I believe there’s a power of some kind invisible to us, external to the Universe yet responsible for its existence and its nature. We’ll come back to the questions soon, but first let’s go a bit further with the background.
Note first that there is no way I can prove this belief of mine to be true or false. It’s a matter of faith, not of proof and not of evidence. It’s simply something I believe to be true. The set of provable statements is limited to those within and about the Universe; this set does not, cannot, apply to anything exterior to the Universe.
I give this creating and sustaining Authority in which I believe, a name. I like to use the name ‘I am what I am’. It’s the name offered for use by Moses when he asked, ‘Who shall I say has sent me?’ In Hebrew, this enigmatic name is יהוה ie YHWH, the vowels being left out. It’s transliterated into English variously as ‘Yahweh’ or ‘Yahveh’, ‘Yahoveh’ or in the past frequently ‘Jehovah’.
You can read more about Moses and the name in Exodus 3.
Taking the trouble to use something akin to the name given to Moses makes it easier to think this through. A name implies a person; so let’s imagine this creating and sustaining authority as a person called Yahweh.
Back to the questions
What is the Bible for? What is its purpose?
First remember that this person called Yahweh is not here with us inside this Universe we inhabit. Yahweh is outside it, if I make something I cannot also be a part of the thing I made. Suppose I write a story and there are characters in my story, as the author I might want to communicate with the characters. I think that’s the simplest way to answer the question, ‘What’s the Bible for’. I suggest that it’s Yahweh’s way of communicating with us. By influencing people like Moses, but also many others down the long ages of history, Yahweh has encouraged them to write down accounts that explain so many things that we need to know. That is the purpose and function of the Bible. It’s a collection of writings from many times and places written by many different contributors, but all inspired by Yahweh’s character and nature. That inspiring process is so fundamental that we might even regard Yahweh as the author, working behind the scenes.
Why was it written?
If the Bible had not been written, we would know little or nothing about the author. The fact that Yahweh wants you and me and others to know is reason enough. We are to to learn about character, purpose and relationship in particular. We are to learn about love, fruitfulness, brokenness, restoration, and about our place in this Universe, responsibility, culpability, truth, life and wisdom. We are to understand these things in our own lives, in one another, and also in and through Yahweh.
There’s plenty of geography, poetry, history, story, wisdom and more in the Bible, yet it’s not a geography text, or a poetry text , or a history text. Instead, the Bible employs all these forms to put across the core message. When Jesus told the story of the good Samaritan, or the woman who lost a coin, they were not necessarily historical events or real people, the story was to clarify something deeper and far more important than mere, everyday fact. And everything in the Bible, including the Genesis creation account, is there for that kind of purpose. None of the accounts in the Bible is required to be true palaeontologically, that’s not their function. They are there to explain relationship, responsibility and a deeper kind of truth.
How was it written?
Little by little is one answer. The books of the Bible were written at different times, by the efforts of many diverse authors, and based both on the author’s knowledge of the ways and history of the times in which they lived, and on direct inspiration by Yahweh.
How should I read it?
As it was (and is) intended! Don’t go searching for scientific evidence, geographical facts, or historical analysis with supporting documentation. Expect to have flashes of understanding from time to time, particularly about the nature, purposes and character of Yahweh. Most importantly, try to understand Yahweh’s perspective in dealing with characters in stories both imagined and historical. And especially try to grasp and crystallise what you are being shown about yourself, particularly in terms of your relationships and attitudes to others and to Yahweh as well.
Dinosaurs
Given all of that, you should now be in a good place to see that dinosaurs in the fossil record contradict nothing in the Bible. There is good, geological and palaeontological evidence for creatures living on the land and in the oceans of Earth way back in the past. There’s good evidence too to show that they were reptiles and that some of them were very large. There’s further good evidence to reveal that they did not, after all, die out completely. One branch of the dinosaur line survived and gave rise to all the birds that still live in the world today.
But none of this in any way contradicts my personal faith in a power external to the Universe.
And finally
There’s just one more point to make. What I’ve written here is only the merest beginning. You’ll find more right here in Journeys of heart and mind. I suggest using the search box near the top of the right-hand column (you’ll have to scroll up to find it). Try searching for Yahweh or for Jesus. Alternatively begin with this post:
So, is Jesus the same person as Yahweh? I can only give you a weird answer – Yes, he is, and no he’s not! There’s a great deal more to be said about this, and I plan to write more soon. When I do, I’ll leave a link right here.
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The dog in the photo was Chloe, a wire-haired fox terrier. Although it’s a fine day, the waves look fairly energetic suggesting strong winds across the Irish Sea.
What’s in an image? Sometimes quite a lot, more than meets the eye. I’m posting an image every few days.
Click to enlarge
This is a photo of my younger sister, Ruth. Bear in mind that I’ll be 77 this summer, and you can deduce right away that the photo is quite old! I took it on a beach in mid-Wales, I believe in 1963 so it’s worn well. Ruth was building a lovely sand castle; Mum and Dad were on the beach nearby, as were my other two sisters, the weather was sunny and warm, and all was well with the world. It usually is when you’re on holiday!
But what else can we learn from this image?
Well, you might notice it’s a bit blurry, that’s because it was taken with a cheap Kodak Starmite camera with no focus control and a cheap lens. But what you can’t see is that the original was poorly framed and had a sloping horizon so I had to crop it for a better composition. The original is a Kodachrome transparency on 127 roll film. It’s dusty and I had use GIMP to clean it up.
But there are other things we can see. The bucket is red plastic, but the spade has a wooden handle and a painted steel blade. That alone would give an approximate date, given that plastic buckets were a recent innovation while wood and steel spades would have been similarly replaced with plastic only a little later. The flags were paper with wooden sticks.
Just think of this from a waste point of view. Only the bucket in this image would have produced waste that could not recycle itself. The spade, the flags, the clothes Ruth is wearing, even her footwear, when discarded would gradually rust or be digested by soil bacteria. Most of it would be gone within a few decades, though the rubber soles might take a tad longer. But the plastic bucket will still exist in some form unless it was incinerated. Most likely it’s still in landfill somewhere near Cirencester as that’s where we lived at the time.
The dog in the photo was Chloe, a wire-haired fox terrier. Although it’s a fine day, the waves look fairly energetic suggesting strong winds across the Irish Sea.
I have other early photos, mostly on black and white emulsions of the Ilford FP series, but a few others in colour.
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During a summer night, molecules of water in the air condense as droplets of water on leaves, we call it dew. But on a cold winter’s night the water condenses as ice and we call it frost.
What’s in an image? Sometimes quite a lot, more than meets the eye. I’m posting an image every few days.
Click to enlarge
It’s a pretty picture, isn’t it? Red berries in wintertime, covered with glistening ice crystals. I used this photo once for a Christmas card. The ice is very decorative, and it’s easy to understand why we talk about icing on a cake (frosting in the USA).
The ice crystals form as the air cools at night. Air can hold significant amounts of water in gaseous form, but the precise amount depends on the temperature of the air; warm air can hold much more water than cold air. That’s why water condenses on cold surfaces. Take something out of the fridge and leave it in a warm room, and five minutes later it will be covered in droplets of water. That water was in the air but you couldn’t see it or feel it because water vapour is a gas.
During a summer night, molecules of water in the air condense as droplets of water on leaves, we call it dew. But on a cold winter’s night the water condenses as ice and we call it frost. Hoar frost, or rime, forms slowly over a number of hours and the kind of ice crystals that form is dependent on humidity, pressure and rate of temperature change. It can be quite subtle (view ‘The snowflake designer’ below for the details).
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There was a pre-decimal British coin carrying a picture of a wren on the reverse, still in use when I was a small child. There were four farthings in a penny … or 960 of them in a British pound sterling.
So, what bird might that be? Why, the Jenny Wren of course. If you live in Britain you’ll probably be familiar with this old term.
My son-in-law, Paz, sent me a link to a wonderful video of a Eurasian wren singing. Because the video has been slowed down, the sound is lower-pitched but also stretched out in time. As a result you can hear far more of the detail in this small bird’s singing performance. It’s truly amazing! But don’t take my word for it, watch and listen for yourself…
Paz is always amusing with his choice of titles; this time his email to me was entitled ‘Trogloclanger’. This is a portmanteau from Troglodytes (the Latin genus and species name of this wren), and The Clangers – fictitious inhabitants of space who made a whistling noise and figured in children’s stories. (You probably don’t want to watch an episode of The Clangers – but just in case, here’s one.)
It’s worth mentioning the Wikipedia article on the Eurasian wren because it provides a lot of detail about this little bird, and was also the source of the photo. Learn more about the ornithology and etymology from Wikipedia. There’s a separate article about the family Troglodytidae in general. Almost all species of wren live in the Americas, or islands in the region.
There was a pre-decimal British coin carrying a picture of a wren on the reverse, still in use when I was a small child. There were four farthings in a penny (‘four’ and the ‘far’ in farthing are cognate) or 960 of them in a British pound sterling. So you’d need just over 9½ farthings to make a decimal penny – that’s inflation for you!
At the time many people supposed that the smallest British bird was chosen for the reverse of the smallest British coin. But that is not the case as the goldcrest is our smallest bird.
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If the discovery bears up under closer scrutiny (and I think that’s quite likely), it will go down as one of those great discoveries in the history of astronomy and science generally.
There have been rumours of life found on other planets circling other stars, sometimes presented on YouTube or elsewhere as amazing or even terrifying discoveries. But they were just sensationalist rumours. But now, for the first time, here’s something a bit more credible.
Watch the video below from Cambridge University, this is a brief presentation by Professor Nikku Madhusudhan on the probable discovery of a biomarker molecule DMS in a planetary system. Further work at Cambridge and elsewhere will throw more light on this soon, And yes, the pun was intended in this case!
It’s definitely exciting news, but I must emphasise that further checking and more data is essential. But if the discovery bears up under closer scrutiny (and I think that’s quite likely), it will go down as one of those great discoveries in the history of astronomy and science generally.
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